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Electric fields — here's the high-yield breakdown: ⚡ Key Concepts • Electric field (E) = Force per unit charge: E = F/q • Direction: away from positive charges, toward negative charges • Field lines never cross; closer together = stronger field 📐 Equations to memorize • Point charge: E = kq/r² (Coulomb's constant k = 9×10⁹ N·m²/C²) • Uniform field: F = qE • Gauss's Law: Φ = Q_enc/ε₀ 🎯 What usually shows up on exams 1. Calculate E at a point from one or two charges 2. Direction of E field in a diagram 3. Gauss's Law for symmetric charge distributions (sphere, cylinder, plane) What type of questions is your exam — calculation or conceptual?